Non-bank lenders rely heavily on securitization (selling mortgages to investors to raise money). They then lend that money out to new borrowers. This July, that’s about to get a whole lot more complicated…and costly.
Big changes are afoot in the mortgage business, and they’re coming to a lender near you in two months. They include:
- Higher fees for lenders who use government-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities (MBS)
- Restrictions on securitizing mortgages in non-CMHC guaranteed securities
- A requirement to securitize portfolio (bulk) insured mortgages within six months
New Guarantee Fees
The Department of Finance (DoF) wants to spur development of “private market funding sources” for mortgages. The goal is to reduce Ottawa’s direct exposure to mortgage risk. CMHC’s answer is to raise the cost of government-sponsored funding. The losers here are lenders that depend on securitization methods, like the Canada Mortgage Bond (CMB). These extra fees will likely be passed straight through to consumers in the form of higher rates.
Banning Non-CMHC-Sponsored Securitization
Effective July 1, lenders will no longer be able to directly place insured mortgages in non-CMHC approved securities. Lenders who rely on asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), which include a few of the top non-bank broker-channel lenders, will have to find another way to sell their mortgages.
That’s a problem for these lenders. Normal securitization, like NHA MBS, require lenders to assemble $2+ million pools of mortgages that are very similar in attributes (similar term, similar interest adjustment dates, similar coupons, etc.). ABCP wasn’t as restrictive. It helped key broker-channel lenders sell off different and odd types of prime mortgages more easily (read, more cost effectively).
There are still a few workarounds for getting insured mortgages into ABCP conduits (e.g., by turning them into NHA MBS pools, paying a guarantee fee and then selling them into ABCP conduits), but that’s more expensive. Once again, these extra costs will be passed straight through to consumers.
The New Purpose Test
Here’s where things get dicey. The DoF has a new “purpose test” starting this July for mortgages that are portfolio (a.k.a., “bulk”) insured. Lenders that bulk insure mortgages will have six months to securitize them. If they don’t, the insurance on those mortgages will be cancelled. (There are a few exceptions, including but not limited to, a 5% buffer and an allowance for delinquent mortgages.)
The goal of this purpose test is to ensure lenders use bulk insurance for securitization purposes and not capital relief (a strategy where big banks insured mortgages and used the “zero-risk” status of those insured mortgages to avoid setting aside capital against them).
This new “purpose test” sounds fairly innocuous, until you look at it from a small lender’s eyes. Small lenders don’t have balance sheets like the major banks. If they fund a mortgage that isn’t eligible for securitization, they have a problem.
Small lenders, for instance, can’t securitize 1- or 2-year terms very effectively. Securitization pools must be at least $2 million, be grouped by amortization, have similar interest rates and cannot be overweighted with big mortgages. As such, the little guys don’t have enough of them to pool and they don’t have a large array of buyers for these short-term mortgages.
The net effect is that smaller lenders (and new entrants) probably won’t be able to price 1- or 2-year terms as competitively. They’ll likely have to sell to big balance sheet lenders (a.k.a., “aggregators”), potentially at margin-squeezing prices. Even if they could pool them, the result would be a larger number of small pools, which are more expensive to sell to investors.
Practically speaking, this could be a real problem for:
- renewing borrowers who want a shorter term from a non-bank lender
- borrowers who want to refinance (e.g., Someone with two years left on their mortgage who wants to add $50,000 to it can typically blend and increase with no penalty. Going forward, smaller non-bank lenders may limit this feature on terms less than three years)
- variable-rate borrowers who want to convert into a shorter-term fixed mortgage (more lenders may start restricting variable-rate conversions to 5-year terms only)
The Takeaway
This latest onslaught of mortgage regs could soon reduce liquidity for non-bank lenders with less diverse funding sources than the banks. Remember that when you hear the DoF and CMHC lauding how their policies foster competition in the mortgage market.
These changes are especially painful to smaller lenders who can’t pool enough mortgages cost-effectively. The result could be more one-dimensional product offerings (e.g., 3-year and 5-year terms only, and fewer mid-term refinance privileges) for these very important bank challengers.
This, in turn, raises costs for customers both directly and indirectly. For mortgages funding after June, there will be a literal step-up in rates. In addition, there’s the indirect impact from less rate competition from smaller lenders. Remember, rates are set at the margin. Consumers have been increasingly exposed to competitive rates from bank challengers, and that in turn influences big bank pricing.
All of this is in the name of reducing government exposure to mortgages, mortgages that have proven time and again to be one of the lowest-risk asset classes in Canada.
Did the federal policy-makers envision all these side effects when they instituted these rules? We have to assume they did, and chose to do it anyhow.
All sounds like continued protection of Big Bank profits… this along with disclosure of commissions in BC that will spread to all brokers eventually (but not banks)…. this is bank lobbying at it’s best…
I don’t really see that the banks brought this about. There is more than enough opportunity for a government agency to develop over baked policy without any help from a bank or a lobby group. When the starting point of policy development is: “we think something will go wrong soon in the real estate market and we need to mitigate against a public bail out” well, if that is the starting point then the policy development is just guess work because no banker has actually experienced significant arrears from a real estate portfolio for a generation.
We all know gov’t agencies are adept at creating over baked policies all on their own that typically have as many or more adverse affects as benefits but, when you look at the direct and indirect end results of these changes (recent BC disclosure changes included) it’s hard not to believe this is all a result of bank lobbyists. With the kind of resources and thirst for profits that banks have, it wouldn’t be irrational to think there’s more going on beside the scenes than what we see or hear.
The question is: What are we going to do about it?
I don’t think people realize how big of a deal this is. When I started out in the securitization industry back in 2009, Canadian mortgage lenders had ample funding sources. With the covered bond changes (2.0), removal of mortgages from ABCP conduits and changes to bank leverage ratios, the market is becoming radically more centralized and, ironically, much riskier.
All these rules designed to reduce liquidity and slow down the housing market are just bandaid solutions. Until interest rates increase, not much is expected to change…